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| Photo by Lisa Fallgren Stevens. Limited North American. 1993 Dogs are Bonnie, Jack, Fudge, Tyke, Taffy, Merganser ((left to right) |
As a student and young investigator, I was fascinated by behavior and chemical signals.
G. M. Happ, T. Eisner (1961). Hemorrhage in a coccinellid beetle and its repellent effect on ants. Science 134: 329-331.
G. M. Happ (1968). Quinone and hydrocarbon production in the defensive gland of Eleodes longicollis and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). J. Insect Physiol. 14: 1821-1839. Defensive allomones are potent cellular toxicants. Histochemical data indicate that less-toxic diphenol glucosides are hydrolyzed and oxidized into defensive p-benzoquinones in tiny extracellular compartments lined with cuticule.
G. M. Happ (1969). Multiple sex pheromones of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. Nature 222: 180-181. Pheromones of male and female beetles attract the opposite sex. A male antiaphrodisiac inhibits the responses of other males to female scent.
J. Somberg, G. M. Happ & A. Schneider (1970). Retention of a conditioned avoidance response following metamorphosis in mealworms. Nature 228: 87-88. Mealworm larvae that were trained in a passive avoidance task retained the response after they became beetles. Learning persisted through metamorphosis.
G. M. Happ, C. M. Happ, & S. J. Barras (1971). Fine structure of the prothoracic mycangium, a chamber for the culture of symbiotic fungi in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Tissue and Cell 3: 295-308. Two species of fungal pathogens that kill trees also nourish beetle larvae. The fungi infect new trees because the adult beetles are vectors, harboring only two species of tree pathogens in a cuticular pocket that is analogous to micro Petri plate.
At NYU, Colorado State, and Vemont, my group investigated sperm transfer and the hormonal control of differentiation.
N. M. Gadzama & G. M. Happ (1974). The structure and evacuation of the spermatophore of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Tissue and Cell 6: 95-108, Mealworm beetles enclose their semen in a multilayered package. Once inserted into the female reproductive tract, the spermatophore spontaneously expands and ruptures to liberate sperm.
P. J. Dailey, N. M. Gadzama, & G. M. Happ (1980). Cytodifferentiation in the accessory gland of Tenebrio molitor. VI. A congruent map of cells and their secretions in the layered elastic product of the male bean-shaped gland. J. Morphol. 166: 289-322. Semisolid secretions from eight cell types are segregated and molded into the layers of the spermatophore.
H. Shinbo, T. Yaginuma, and G. M. Happ (1987). Purification and characterization of a proline-rich secretory protein of an insect spermatophore .J. Biol. Chem. 262: 4794-4799. A 23kd spermatophorin protein is characterized and traced from secretory cell to a layer of the spermatophore.
T. Yaginuma, H. Kai, and G. M. Happ (1988). 20-Hydroxyecdysone accelerates the flow of cells into the G1 phase and the S phase in a male accessory gland of a mealworm pupa (Tenebrio molitor) . Develop. Biol. 126: 173-181. Cells accumulate in G2 during the early pupal stage. The major surge in molting hormone that controls metamorphosis releases the pupal G2 block and leads to adult differentiation.
G. C. Paesen and G. M. Happ (1995). The B proteins secreted by the tubular accessory sex glands of the male mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, have sequence similarity to moth pheromone-binding proteins. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25:401-408. The soluble secretions from tubular accessory glands contribute to the seminal fluids in the spermatophore. Alpha-helical B glycoproteins in semen appear to be carriers for lipid ligands.
At the University of Alaska Fairbanks, my laboratory studied genetics and zoonotic diseases.
L. J. Kennedy, H. J. Huson, J. B. Leonard, J. M. Angles, L. E. Fox, J. W. Wojciechowski, C. Yuncker, G. M. Happ (2006). Association of hypothyroid disease in Doberman Pinscher dogs with a rare major histocompatibility complex DLA class II haplotype. Tissue Antigens. 67:53-56.
J. A. Runstadler, G. M. Happ, R. D. Slemons, Z.-M. Sheng, N. Gundlach, M. Petrula, D. Senne, J. Nolting, D. L. Evers, A. Modrell, H. Huson, S. Hills, T. Rothe, T. Marr, and J. K. Taubenberger (2007). Using RRT-PCR analysis and virus isolation to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus infections in ducks at Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Alaska during August 2005. Archives of Virology 152:1901-1910. Subtype diversity in a natural viral "hotspot".
A. Read, S. J. Vogl, K. Hueffer, L. A. Gallagher, G. M. Happ (2008). Francisella genes required for replication in mosquito cells. J. Med. Entomol. 45:1108-1116. Genes of the Francisella pathogenicity island are required for growth in Sua1B cells, a hemocyte-like cell line derived from Anopheles gambiae.
X. Ke, L. J. Kennedy, A. D. Short, E. H. Seppälä, A. Barnes, D. N. Clements, S. H. Wood, S. D. Carter, G. M. Happ, H. Lohi, W. E. Ollier (2011). Assessment of the functionality of genome-wide canine SNP arrays and implications for canine disease association studies. Anim. Genetics 42:181-190. A dedicated large-scale assessment of the functionalities (LD and SNP tagging performance) of canine genome-wide SNP arrays in multiple domestic dog breeds.
V. N. Bui, H. Ogawa, Xiningen, K. Karibe, K. Matsuo, S. A. A. Awad, G. L. Minoungou, S. Yoden, H. Haneda, L. H. Ngo, S. Tamaki, Y. Yamamoto, K. Nakagama, K. Saito, Y. Watanabe, J. A. Runstadler, F. Huettmann, G. M. Happ, K. Imai (2012). H4N8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from shorebirds contains a unique PB1 gene and causes severe respiratory disease in mice. Virology 423:77-88 .
My current scientific foci, shared with Christy Yuncker Happ, are bird behavior and neuroscience.
Christy Yuncker Happ & G. M. Happ (2011). Sandhill Crane Display Dictionary - What cranes say with their body language. Waterford Press.
"Bird-brained" is a bum rap. Blogpost in How birds think - February 8, 2011
Cranes may sniff aphrodiasiacs. Do cranes emit and perceive sex pheromones? Blogpost in Alaska Sandhill Crane Blog - October 9, 2010.
Death, visitations, and dance of solidarity. Behaviors after death of a crane colt. Blogpost in Alaska Sandhill Crane Blog - July 10, 2009.
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Last modified: 2April2011